Comparing Julius Caesar And Alexander The Great - 1772 Words

Conquers throughout history have been either been remembered or forgotten. Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great are two conquers that have not been forgotten but instead labeled to be â€Å"Great â€Å". Both men played significant role in government, they forged cities and designed civil works projects to benefit the people of their empires. Caesar and Alexander as individuals had great ambitions and repeatedly pushed themselves and their men to their physical limits. In war they were courageous allowing them to be victorious they were also magnanimous to their defeated enemies. These men like most leaders we see from the ancient times were very charismatic they would draw people in by their visions and goals but like all great leaders they make mistakes and their once great visions for their nations fell apart soon after their deaths Julius Caesar was thought of as the most powerful and glorious ruler to step foot in Rome. After his death in 44 B.CE. A temple was built in honor of him and he was worshiped like a god. Does Caesar Deserve the title of being great? In my opinion no he was a man driven by ambition for power and glory and in a way he manipulated the plebeian’s by refusing the crown multiple times when he was offered it. Yet during his campaign in Gaul were he conquered over eight hundred cities and destroyed three-hundred Gallic tribes he breaks down into tears and his friends ask him why he is crying he replied â€Å"it is a matter of sorrow that while Alexander, at myShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Power, Ambition, Glory Essay examples1516 Words   |  7 PagesSynopsis Power, Ambition, Glory analyzes great leaders in history and links similarities with leaders of today. Great leaders such as Cyrus the Great, Alexander the Great, Hannibal of Carthage, Julius Caesar and Augustus bear a striking resemblance to characteristics that we see from current business leaders. The historical leader’s leadership style and results that followed give insight into effective management. Cyrus the Great Cyrus the Great saw no boundaries for his conquest. WhileRead MoreEssay about Abraham Lincoln as a Dangerous Speaker2476 Words   |  10 PagesSpringfield, Illinois, in 1838, Lincoln himself stated that our country was in great danger. He speaks of people such as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and Napoleon and then asks, Is it unreasonable to expect , that some man possessed of the loftiest genius, coupled with ambition sufficient to push it to its utmost stretch, will at some time, spring up among us? (Grafton, page 7). In this, he shares his fear that some man with great ambition and power could exist in this country who is not satisfied withRead MoreFeds vs Anti-Feds3174 Words   |  13 PagesAndo. So to slake your ravenous historical thirst in the meantime, here is my assignment from my history class this past week. If you’re really into American history and how the politics of the early Republic shook out, Jefferson vs. Hamilton is a great study. It’s a lso a little, I guess comforting, to know that as bad as we think today’s politicians are, politics was always a very dirty game. Like Bismarck said, â€Å"Laws are like sausages. Better to not see them being made.† And as EcclesiastesRead MoreNick Leeson Barings Bank5242 Words   |  21 Pagescompete with speculative opportunities like these.† 3 As the ability to speculate increased in the last years of the 20th century, though, so did the associated risks. Blau points out that some of the major financial downturns have affected the once-great, including Hedge fund manager George Soros, who lost $600 million by betting against a strong Japanese yen; Procter Gamble, which lost $102 million on leveraged derivatives purchased from Bankers Trust Co.; and Nick Leeson, an unsupervised 28-year-oldRead MoreComparative Public Administration11510 Words   |  47 Pagesanalytical levels: macro, middle-range and micro. Macro studies focus on the comparisons of whole administrative systems in their proper ecologicai contexts. For instance, a macro study would involve a comparison of the administrative systems of India and Great Britain. it will conlprise detailed analysis of all important aspects and parts of the administrative systen~s the two of nations. It will be comprehensive in its scope. Though the studies of macro level are rare, they are not impossible to be takenRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesContemporary Issues in Management Accounting This page intentionally left blank Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting Edited by ALNOOR BHIMANI 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico

Interviews and Interrogations Policy Free Essays

Interviews and Interrogations Policy In the world of security, interviews, and interrogations play a key role in solving a case or putting a face to a crime committed. They can be similar but they also have several differences. Interviews and interrogations also come with legal issues because of the way they are conducted. We will write a custom essay sample on Interviews and Interrogations Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Putting a security policy in place within the organization can help guide security personnel when conducting interviews and interrogations. Interviews and Interrogations Security interviews and interrogations are a way to gather information and facts regarding a case. They both use forms of conversation to attain the most information from the person they are talking to. Establishing a relationship on some level will help both an interview and interrogation. There are major differences between interviews and interrogations. Interviews and interrogations are two very different things. Suspects are interrogated; witnesses are interviewed (Stephens, (n. d. ). Interviews Interviews are informal meetings with a person to gain information regarding a case. The person being interviewed should feel relaxed in order to be open and willingly give information that will help the security officer on the case. They should take place as soon as possible so the details are fresh in the person’s memory and an outside party cannot sway their thoughts. Interviews are used when talking to victims, witnesses, and family members or friends. People being interviewed are normally open and willing to give information regarding the case or personnel under question if they do not believe they are being threatened or intimidated. People being interviewed can help the security personnel gain insight and key details to piece together the bigger puzzle or possibly solving the crime. Respect, truthfulness, and an open-ended conversation should get the interview going in a positive direction and allow the interviewee a chance to express openly and share what they know. Interviews can turn into an interrogation at anytime if the security personnel feels that the person being interviewed has a role in the crime or is gives another reason for doubts. Interrogations Interrogations are used to gain a confession or attain details from a suspect regarding a crime. Interrogations use an accusatory tone by the interrogator to obtain a confession and can be perceived as hostile. Personnel being interrogated are usually unwilling to give information they know. Interrogators can use persuasion, confrontational tactics, and empathy to procure a confession from the perpetrator or attain more information about the crime. â€Å"Each interrogation is a two-way process in which the subjects are also reading the interrogator. They will read opportunity if they sense any discomfort on the interviewer’s part. Therefore, within the legal limits of what is permissible, everything about the interrogation, including the timing, should be set up to give the interviewer the upper hand and to make the subject feel at a disadvantage (McDonough, 2005). The Miranda Rights must be read before beginning an interrogation to use the information given in court and to give the person being interrogated a chance at having a lawyer present. Legal Issues Coercing a confession or using forms of trickery during an interrogation can cause issues in a trial. There is a fine line between pressing for a confession when they know the truth and pressing for a confession when they are shooting from the hip. They need to have a fairly certain belief that the person in question is at fault in some way or form before hard pressing him or her for a confession. Telling a suspect that if they confess they are free to go or to show a suspect a false report of any kind trying to implicate the suspect is also ways of falsely trying to coerce a confession. Another legal issue that could arise during an interview or interrogation is if the Miranda rights are not read or broken any time after they are read and not having a written waiver of rights. Detaining someone for an unreasonable amount of time or without reason is also frowned upon. Another legal issue can happen if security personnel questions a juvenile without their parent or legal guardian present. Security Policy for conducting Interviews and interrogations The first step before you start an interview or interrogation is to know the situation. Whoever will be asking the questions need to know what they are going to ask before they even get into the room. You need to do your research on the subject and the situation that the suspect/witness have found themselves in. When conducting interviews and interrogation you will not work alone. The main person conducting the interview and interrogation will always make sure there is someone present with them when they are asking questions. This is to ensure that you have a witness to your questions and actions at all times. There will be a video camera and listening device (if available) during the interview and interrogation process. Even if the interview or interrogation is being recorded, you should keep notes at all times. These notes will help if there is a glitch in the recording or the video and be able to quickly ask any follow-up questions at the end without reviewing the tape. At the end of the interview or interrogation, your main goal is to get a sworn written statement of what happened and why there was a security violation. Interview The purpose of an interview is to discover certain information about different things. Each situation is different! That is why you need to know the situation before you go into the interview. In most interviews the facts have not came out yet. You are trying to discover the facts from the suspect or witness. During the interview, the setting of the room needs to remain calm so the interview can continue to move forward. The purpose of the interview is to find the facts, so ask questions that will lead to getting the correct facts. When interviewing people, they are not always the main suspects, so do not treat them as if they are. Keep them talking until the facts are found. Once you have the facts, then begins the interrogation phase. Interrogation The purpose of an interrogation is to find what happened and who had what role in the crime committed. You already have most of the facts so then you want to find out who did it. If you have the main suspect in the interrogation room you are working on getting them to confess to the security violation they committed. You need to gather your thoughts and prepare yourself before you enter the room and begin the interrogation. The setting in interrogations is strict, authoritative, and formal. You will be making accusations but do not coerce the suspect into a confession; it may fall through later in court. You have the facts so you can accuse the suspect of what you think they did. Continue talking to them about the situation. By continuing to talk to them and asking them the right question they will usually slip and tell you the truth. Once the truth is revealed and you have the right suspect, you need them to write down what happened in a sworn statement. Once the sworn statement is filled out, you hold the suspect or book them. Conclusion An investigator is often faced with a wide range of information when planning and conducting a suspect interview, such as statements from witnesses and victims, technical evidence (e. . DNA, fingerprints), information regarding the arrest and custody and ‘soft’ information (e. g. rumors, tips from informers) (Hakkanen 2009). Even with all this information, sometimes catching the right person is a challenge. With the right questions asked to the right people, either in an interview or interrogation setting, you usually can find out the right answers. Be sure to always withhold yourself to high standards so that your integrity and actions are not questioned after a security interview or interrogation, and the case is not jeopardized. How to cite Interviews and Interrogations Policy, Essay examples

Hospitality and Tourism Industry for Kenya - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHospitality and Tourism Industry for Kenya. Answer: Introduction Kenya is a spectacularly exquisite beauty, one that is an ultimate destination for tourists, providing travelers from all over the globe with a window directly into the heart of Africa. Due to its unique location close to the equator, Kenyas major tourism magical delights lie in the fact that an astounding variety of unique climates and landscapes, flora, fauna, rich cultures from the communities as well as being home to water sports are all encompassed into the country. In this essay, the tourism industry in Kenya will be analyzed as well as the size of the industry (Christie et al., 2013, p.230). This is in conjunction with an analysis of the emerging trends in Kenyas tourism industry as well as the impacts or influences that Kenyas tourism sector has on other industries. The richness of Kenyas tourist destinations such as the diverse wildlife as well as the spectacular landscapes is one that makes Kenya part of the top tourist destinations on a global scale. Aside from this, this essay will largely focus on the employment opportunities created by the tourism industry in Kenya. The Size of Kenyas Tourism Sector The sector of tourism has the second position in the countrys foreign exchange, following agriculture. It is maintained by the Kenya Tourism Board. It is also the second largest industrial sector in terms of size and importance, responsible for 14% of Kenyas GDP and 12% of the total employment in Kenya. The Kenya tourism sector in 2010, recorded the highest tourist arrival numbers ever at 1,265,136 tourists, as at December 31. In comparison the tourist arrivals in the previous year, this was a positive growth of 15.4 percent. During this period, tourism sector earned a total of KSH 97.9 billion, which was significantly 32.9 percent increase, as compared to KES 73.7 billion earned in the previous year. However, in the few following years, the tourist arrivals started plummeting and this has since been attributed to security concerns and the infamous Ebola scare. Emerging Trends in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry In Kenya, tourism is presenting diversely unique trends especially with the steady improvements in the hospitality sector. Ecotourism is one major trend that has surfaced and is rapidly gaining root in the tourism structure in Kenya. According to Kenya Ecotourism Tours, Kenya is considered as one of the most dynamic countries in Africa in the ecotourism industry. Ecotourism refers to responsible travels to natural environs, which involves supporting the fauna, flora as well as the local economy. In Kenya, the evolution of this kind of tourism has brought along Flora which is a game viewing expedition where tourists do not hunt the animals but view them on safaris, which are a major reason as to why tourists flock the country. The safaris enable the participants to familiarize and understand the natives, natural lifestyle and their cultures. Besides, Fauna is a Kenyan ecotourism attraction which involves viewing of natural vegetation, like trees and flowers which are part of the count rys agricultural industry. It is also the major contributor to the GDP of Kenya, (UKEssays, n.d.). In the Kenyan ecotourism industry, the country has formed an outreach programme known as Ecotourism Kenyas Community Outreach programme, which offers bespoke services for community groups with the goal of integrating them into the conventional tourism in Kenya. Employment Opportunities in the Kenyan Tourism Industry According to The East African newspaper, Kenyas tourism industry is arguably an efficient generator of employment, both direct and indirect. In the year 2011, the total number of employees, employed directly in Kenyas tourism industry was at an outstanding 247,300 employees. The report written in The East African newspaper further stated that tourism was directly or indirectly accountable for one in every 20 jobs in Kenya by the year 2011. Through the intervention of The World Bank in matters funding, it was estimated that in the following year, Kenyas total workforce in the tourism sector would rise to 272,500 employees, a goal that was achieved less than a year afterwards, (Kamau, 2009, p. 38). The tourism sector in Kenya provides direct employment opportunities to individuals working in the fields as tour guides and also provides such to those working in the official dockets such as in tourism managerial positions. However, Kenyas tourism sector also provides indirect jobs in acti vities such as marketing agencies, construction companies which build tourist facilities and maintain them, as well as necessary infrastructure, restaurant suppliers, accounting services and various handicraft producers, to mention but a few. The Future Predictions for the Kenyan Tourism Industry The Kenyan tourism sectors potential is expected to get higher, seeing to it that the sector is globally projected to be a chief future international service industry. It is expected that the countrys tourism industry will further up the diverse nature of its products from the local beach and safaris, to formulate newer ways of generating income by transforming the experience into a more attractive one, to a large scale cross-selection of tourists globally. Other future predictions for the Kenyan tourism industry are that the number of tourist arrivals will rapidly rise again, due to the enhanced security in the country and the fruitful eradication and prevention of deadly disease viruses. All these advancements in this sector mean that more workforce in the industry will be required, hence creating more job opportunities for people doing tourism and hospitality related careers. Advancement in the tourism sector will further impact other industries that are directly affected by the i ndustry, such as hospitality industry, trade industry as well as the entertainment industry. Today, the tourism, hospitality and events sectors are three of the foremost sectors of Kenyas economy (Ryan Gu, 2011, p.191). They provide and improve balance of payments and income generation as well as employment opportunities to a large population of the country patriots, thus assisting in the endeavor to eradicate unemployment in Kenya. The tourism sector in Kenya can also be seen as one that nurtures socio-cultural amplification of individuals, as well as empowering women and disabled communities through the creation of favorable job opportunities (Fang, Law, 2016, p.264). Reference Ryan, C., Gu, H. (2011). The allure of the post-modern - A response to Robert Shepherd. Tourism Management Review, vol. 32, no. 1, pp, 191-192. Kamau, S. (2009). Tourism to create one million jobs in Kenya vol. 1, pp. 38 41. Conferences. (2002). Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, 26(4), pp.435-435. UKEssays. (n.d.). Assessing Trends in Kenyan Hospitality and Travel Industries Tourism Essay. [online] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/assessing-trends-in-kenyan-hospitality-and-travel-industries-tourism-essay.php [Accessed 11 May 2017]. Weaver, D.B., 2001. Ecotourism in the context of other tourism types. The encyclopedia of ecotourism, pp.73-83. Fang, B., Ye, Q. Law, R., 2016. Effect of sharing economy on tourism industry employment, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.264-267. Christie, I., Christie, I.T., Fernandes, E., Messerli, H. Twining-Ward, L., 2014. Tourism in Africa: Harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods, World Bank Publications, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 230-247

Memory Test

Introduction Although there is little scientific understanding or evidence of the human memory, there are some widely agreed upon ideas about the subject matter. The controversies on different theories are diverse but some of the uniform findings show that human memory is storage as well as a processing organ.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Memory Test specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main controversies concerns the time required to retrieve information stored in memory and accessibility of this information. In other words, how long can the information last in memory before becoming inaccessible? The two controversies determine the classification of memory depending on the form of information processing that occurs in the brain and the different types of memories in relation to the accessibility. Different Concepts of Memory Working Memory Working memory is the sensory information store that depends on various sensory organs such as the eyes or ears. The received information either captures attention or becomes immediately ignored, in the latter case, it becomes obsolete and does not last for long enough before being masked by newer information. Attention means that the brain protects the information from other interferences since it is important to subject it to higher-level thoughts in search of meaning. Whenever information is subjected to such form of processing, then it means it has to be committed to working memory. Short-Term Memory Short-term memory is a limited store for information that becomes inaccessible after a brief interval mainly due to interference associable to delivery of new information. The information may not necessary be lost or forgotten but distorted in which case a person must recall similar but un-identical set of new information. The maintenance rehearsals are procedures that assist to maintain information in the memory for longer periods. The rehe arsals may involve frequent mental or sub-vocal repetition procedures that cause the information to become committed to the long-term memory for better and more enduring accessibility (Cansino et al, 2002).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Cansino et al, rehearsal mechanism in the aim of retaining information in long-term memory is not a very efficient system compared to elaborative rehearsal mechanism (2002). Long-Term Memory Large quantities of information are mainly committed to long-term memory for enduring storage. This is a storage area that deals with large and different types of commitments such as events, perceptual skills, knowledge, and facts. Most of the factors that affect accessibility of information from the memory include conditioning of memory during storage, the frequency of usage, similarity between the new information in relation to what alrea dy exists and uniqueness of information. Memory Test Human memory undergoes various logical tests without clear importance or pre-defined goal. This paper considers a simple memory test performed on ten people of random pick, which involves viewing of a wide range of one thousand detailed pictures for three seconds each. The test therefore was a fifty minutes observation for each person. The aim was to subject one to remembering the exact object whenever presented with a couple of images, to pick the observed object. The test mainly concerns the short-term or temporary memory that requires keen attention and ability to handle information in a comprehensible manner. After viewing all the pictures each for 3 seconds, the participant had to choose the exact image they had seen, from a group of three almost similar pictures. Identification of the main picture that had been previously shown was the test for ability to remember. For instance, a cup with half-full liquid would be accompani ed by similar cups having same liquids but at different levels.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Memory Test specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Results Although most people had difficulties in identifying four simultaneous objects correctly, there was evident use of strategies to enhance memory, for instance linking the observed pictures to associable items in memory. However, the conclusion was that it is possible to train and thus improve human memory. When human beings subject memory to its full function, the capability extends to greater ability than expectation. In relation to the conducted memory test, most participant were able to determine familiar pictures easily, despite of the complexity of the task for instance items like bread, a TV remote controller or a dollar note. Contrary, abstract images were hardly remembered. Inline with instrumental/operant conditioning, when subjected to a form of re ward a person’s ability to remember is boosted since the reward act as a stimulus (Cansino et al, 2002). The results of the memory test were positively amazing since an average of 85% was obtained among all participants. Even though 10 participants seem to be a low sample group to represent a general view, the closeness of the results is a clear indication of accuracy of the test. The short-term memory is arguably about the accuracy on keenness and active participation in order to encode specific details in memory correctly. A good example of active participation would involve the attempts to remember certain identification such as someone’s birthday. Linking the date to something else, particularly something, that one is able to remember concerning the day strengthens the memory. Process of Encoding in and retrieval from Memory Encoding and retrieval of information from memory are two actions that have some intricate connection. They have reference to the procedure of committing information to and from short-term or main/long-term memory respectively. The ability to link new to existing information to enhance better meaning depends on the degree of linking the information. Encoding therefore has high dependence on pictorial as well as thoughtful representation of information.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering the sample ‘memory test’, most people were able to remember majority of the pictures due to ability to relate them to information in existing memory. Majority of the objects on pictures also had day-to-day applications. Encoding mainly assists to commit information to long-term memory through neural networks. Variables Associated With Encoding and Retrieval of Information Retrieval involves deduction of existing information from memory. Existing knowledge is the basis for all new information, and therefore its retrieval has some effect on processing of new information. Some of the main strategies associates with both encoding and retrieval include intentionality, repetitiveness, color cryptography and use of mnemonics. Intentionality is the process of deliberately directing need to specific work content. Conclusion There is great controversy over the connection between the long-term and working memory. Most scientific discoveries consent that all information is stored in memory but differ on the process of accessing due to difference of opinion over storage type and retrieval procedures. According to Cansino et al, the information that a human being receives is immediately encoded into the long-term memory but the encoding may fail to be distinctive enough to support comprehensible retrieval whenever required (2002). Reference Cansino, S., Maquet, P. Dolan, R.J. Rugg, M. D. (2002). Brain Activity Underlying Encoding and Retrieval of Source Memory. Oxford Journal of Life science and Medicine. 12(10). 1048-1056. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/12/10/1048/268396 This research paper on Memory Test was written and submitted by user Deborah Vega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The American Fur Company Essays

The American Fur Company Essays The American Fur Company Essay The American Fur Company Essay How would you evaluate Astor in terms of his motive, his managerial ability, and his ethics? What lesson does his career teach about the relationship between virtue and success? Astor seems as though he wanted to make a better life for himself because he grew up very poor, but didnt want to be in the same business as his father so he ventured out to make a better living for himself. Therefore, I believe Stators motive is greed. He was doing what any businessman would and that is to make money. He didnt care about the consequences or what it would do to other people in his path. He seems as though he has the need for power and control. His managerial ability is based on many different avenues including him being hard working and is a good negotiator. He was also very well at dealing with his competition by beating them to the next customer and coming up with ideas that his competition wouldnt have thought of; such as: higher prices, supplying the Indians with whisky, purchasing large quantities of trade goods at a lower cost and use of political influence. His behavior is both ethical and unethical. Some things that Astor did in his time, such as slaughtering a certain animal r species was acceptable and simply looked passed; however, today if Astor did that, there would be lawsuits and a lot of legal activity associated with him and his business. The trading of whisky to Indians for goods was frowned upon and was technically illegal and still is today. I feel as though in Stators case, virtue and success do not go hand in hand. It seems like Astor had no virtues of his own but yet he was able to become very successful in his company and make a lot of money, more than he could have dreamed of, especially when he was a young boy. 2. How did the environment of the American Fur Company change in the sasss? What deep historical forces are implicated in these changes? The environment of the company changed when everyone believed that a disease called Cholera was spread. People were afraid that the disease was actually spread through the transported furs that Astor was bringing in which lead to a fur trade standstill. Other things that caused a negative impact on the fur trade was that alcohol was prohibited in all Indian reservations, new products drove the fur industry downhill, such as new leather hats. Historical forces that implicated in these changes could be libations, inequality, chance and nation state. 3. What were the impacts of the fur trade on society that is, economic, cultural, technological, natural, governmental, legal, and internal? Economically-?the furs were light enough to transport using different forms of transportation such as mules, barges and ships to eastern ports then to Europe. This increased the profits due to not spending as much on transportation. Governmentally-?the government had no proof of Astor ever trading or bargaining with alcohol and buying the furs in large quantities offered him an opportunity to lower the price of it. In nature-?basically mountain life had been wiped out by man due to the constant need to find more fur to keep companies, such as American Fur, afloat. Legally-?the government failed to regulate the trade of fur and fur trade was beloved by Washing and Jefferson. Technologically-?introduction of the first sailboat and then the steamboat on the Missouri River. Internally-?the internal environment of the American Fur Company was dominated by Astor whereas other fur companies were operated by proprietors or partnerships. 4. Who were the most important stakeholders of the nineteenth century fur industry? Were they treated responsibly by the standards of the day? By the standards of today? Astor, as the owner of American Fur Company compensated himself excessively, which led him to becoming the second richest man in America. The suppliers of the fur and employees of the American Fur Company were not treated fairly. Indian trappers were cheated, robbed and killed. Free trappers worked very hard in dangerous conditions and got paid very little for the efforts and work. Governments were manipulated and ignored. Customers Were the only fairly treated because they received the product hey purchased. Stators abuse of weaker stakeholders was typical of his era, however if he were to trade today, he would be hit with a hefty fine, thrown in jail and even lose his company and all his earnings. Not all of the stakeholders were treated fairly or responsibly, but Astor did what he did to make his business grow and make money and a name for himself. . On balance, is the legacy of the American Fur Company and of the fur trade itself a positive legacy? Or is the impact predominantly negative? Think it could be either positive or negative. The reason for negative is because he began raiding for fur and started his business out of greed which led to competition, which could be a good thing or bad thing for a business depending on what type of business your in , then it tainted nature which could have reduced the elimination of an already decreasing population of a specific animal or specie. Other negatives are: economic benefits were narrowly enjoyed, destruction of Native American cultures, many trappers died, and no respect for the government of laws. The positives could be listed as: created wealth, not only for Astor but his employees as well, created jobs, supplied a product in high emend, trappers and traders became leading citizens in new settlements. 6. Does the story of the American Fur Company hint at how and why capitalism has changed and has been changed over the years?

Last Chance to Join the Freelance Writing Course This Year

Last Chance to Join the Freelance Writing Course This Year Last Chance to Join the Freelance Writing Course This Year Last Chance to Join the Freelance Writing Course This Year By Daniel Scocco Every year more and more companies realize that having a strong online presence is paramount to their success. In order to build that presence they need to produce high-quality content on social media accounts, websites, blogs and online magazines. The result of this trend is a strong and growing demand for online freelance writers. If you like to write, you should definitely consider this opportunity. Our Freelance Writing Course aims to give you all the information and tools you need to start making money writing on the web, and we just opened the doors of the second edition of 2015. Click here to get all the details and join The course is divided into six modules. They are: 1. Writing Productivity: This module is about becoming more productive as a writer, as your work habits will influence the amount of work - and income - you can produce. 2. Building an Online Presence: If you want to freelance online, you’ll need to develop how you present yourself on the Internet - setting up a website, learning how to promote it, and so on. 3. Writing for the Web: This module explains why the Web is different from other media (such as books or print magazines) and how you can adapt to the differences to produce top-notch work. 4. Finding Clients: This module, probably the most important, will teach you about the art of acquiring projects and developing high-paying gigs over time. 5. Running a Writing Business: Although you’ll start as a freelancer, your ultimate goal should be to build a real business. This module explains how to start in that direction. 6. Social Media: This module explains how you can leverage social networks like Facebook and Twitter to find clients, network with fellow freelancers, and grow your business. Over the past years, more than 1000 students have taken the course, and the feedback we receive is always fantastic. In fact, for many of those students our course was the start of a new career. Heres what one of them said: I really enjoyed the course. The lessons were well structured and had realistic, yet challenging objectives to meet, and this helped me absorb the content of the lessons. There is a lot to pack into six weeks, but I view the course as a much longer term investment in helping me establish a writing career and brand to help with my overall success. The doors will close on Friday. Dont miss out! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations30 Nautical Expressions

Syngenta and GM crops Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Syngenta and GM crops - Article Example The corn seed in question is named Agrisure Viptera which had not been previously approved by China back in November 2013. The corn shipments were found to contain a genetically-altered protein designed to act as deterrent against corn-eating bugs like earworms and cutworms.2 China has always been very careful regarding its approval for importation any genetically-modified seeds or crops if they had not yet completed their own laboratory tests. China is strict about their agricultural standards and always reserved unqualified right to reject any shipments for their safety. Biotechnology - GMO crops are termed as biotech crops because these were modified using genetic engineering to boost their yield, acquire better immunity against plant diseases or any plant bugs, and make these plants adapt better to adverse environmental conditions. GMO has been a controversial technology as some sectors are rightly or wrongly concerned about the potential harmful effects of using science to alter or modify the genes of any plant. But there are also advocates who claim this scientific technology holds the bright promise to help eradicate hunger, malnutrition, starvation, and even death by preventing famines in the developing world. Genetic engineering of agricultural plants and crops, in the same way that mechanized farming and the Green Revolution before, allows food production to be increased considerably and avoid the Malthusian theory of hunger resulting from overpopulation. Key solution - agricultural farming using GMO crops is seen as the solution to most of the problems associated with a growing global population. Moreover, GMO technology can mitigate the adverse effects of environmental degradation, global warming, and increasing pollution. GMO is applicable to all types of living organisms from bacteria, fungi, and yeast and to all larger and more complex organisms like insects, birds, fishes, and even mammals. The GMO

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Assignment - 2

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Assignment Example The business planning process consists of different interdependent elements; each element geared for the ‘creation of a successful entrepreneurial venture.’ Since precious time is allocated for the completion of each element, it is necessary to evaluate their value in terms of successfully creating a business venture. Thus, the first part of this paper will provide a critique of each of the business planning process’ elements to determine and validate its inherent value. Elements: The Introduction Idea Generation. The first step of every business venture spawns from two personal views: the perceived market needs or wants and the manner by which these two can be met. The latter is commonly characterized by the prime planner’s personal capability, hobby, or any activity that has the potential economic value as a product or service commodity. These two views are the product of the prime planner’s idea generation and serve as the supporting backbone of t he whole business plan. The next set of ideas will then root from these two views. This being the case, it is essential to keep the main ideas valid, consistent and applicable to all other components to assure a sturdy framework for the whole business plan. Strategic Objectives. These are the types of objectives that are safeguarded by a unifying strategy (Robert, 1998). These objectives, which were set by the planner to secure both market and post its position as a reputable provider of services or products, have to be realistically realized; thus, the use of strategies. However, objectives are ever-changing and are periodically divided by the short-term and long-term goals. Objectives may come in the form of profit, equipment or service upgrades, advancement in market position against competitors, and other visions of business progress. Market Analysis and Research. Apart from building the foundations of the business plan through ideas and objectives, it is essential that relevant information about the market environment is incorporated. This element, amongst all the other, has the most potential of adding realistic facts and procures necessary strategies. The result of this research and analysis may specifically point the current and the target position of the business in terms of its industry. By realizing this position, the planner will have an inclination of what destination the business should take and importantly, how to get there. Understanding the Competition. Knowledge of the market environment introduces the presence of the business competitors. This element focuses on acknowledging the threats and opportunities these competitors present and serve to be part of the factors in designing the marketing strategies (Harvard Business School Press, 2010). In business, ignorance of the business’ competitors can be one of the most costly errors. Competition can be in several forms such as a strategic location (upon close proximity with clients), indu stry position, product or service bundle, et cetera. Financial Projections. Most helpful in delegating potential business investments are the financial information which consisted of cash flow, profit and loss forecast, and balance sheet projections. These proforma of figures immediately relate to potential financial returns - the investors’ gain (or loss) in joining a business venture (Parker, 2006). The investors also eye on the financial forecasts of cash flow as well as the profit and loss since these two

Gandhis Contribution to World War I Essay Example for Free

Gandhis Contribution to World War I Essay Why? 1)He had begun to approve of the idea of home rule, but he had no interest in exchanging government by British elite for rule by an Anglicized Indian elite. If swaraj was to come to India, he argued, it must come as part of a wholesale social transformation that stripped away the old burdens of caste and crippling poverty. 2)Gandhi had said – â€Å"I felt then that it was more the fault of individual officials than of the British system, and that we could convert them by love. If we would improve our status through the help and cooperation of the British, it was our duty to win their help by standing by them in their hour of need. 3)He had been almost alone among Indian leaders who had argued for unconditional support to Britain in her hour of need in the hope of a worthy gesture at the end of the war. 4)The issue in Champaran involved European traders forcing illegal dues and payments upon the peasants; Ahmedabad’s problem was centred on the unfair treatment of industrial workers; and the predicament in Kheda was caused by the government ignoring the farmers’ appeals for the remission of land revenue. Gandhi solved each dilemma using unique, yet effective methods which gained him the respect and commitment of many political workers. These events depict the growing unrest in India very clearly. India was itching to fight for independence, which would be a very bloody battle indeed. Gandhi, therefore, decided to support the British Empire in the war, hoping that in return, India would gain independence. What? 1)In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi. Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort.[43] In contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled Appeal for Enlistment, Gandhi wrote To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use themIf we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible dispatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army.† 2)Early in 1918, the war seemed to be going badly for the Allies; a German thrust was expected on the western front, and the Viceroy summoned prominent leaders of Indian opinion to a War Conference in Delhi. Gandhi supported the resolution on recruitment with a single sentence in Hindi: With a full sense of my responsibility, I beg to support the resolution. 3)When World War I broke out, Gandhi was on the high seas, he was homeward bound, though he hoped to spend a few weeks in England. On August 6, 1914, he landed on English soil and lost no time in calling a meeting of his Indian friends to raise an ambulance unit Public opinion 1)Gandhi did not favour a bargain with the government by offering cooperation at a price and said: That we have been loyal at a time of stress is no test of fitness for swaraj (self-government). Loyalty is no merit. It is a necessity of citizenship all the world over. 2)During the years 1916-18, Gandhi did not take active part in politics. The Moderates did not like his extra-constitutional methods of Satyagraha, the Extremists did not like his studied tenderness to the British Government during the war Consequence And having fought a war whose supposed purpose was to protect the rights of small states and independent peoples from tyranny, the rhetoric of British rule in India had begun to ring hollow 1)In this atmosphere, the harried British government made a frightful mistake. They elected to follow the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee, which advocated the retention of wartime restrictions in India–including curfews and the suppression of free speech. Gandhi, reading the soon-to-be-passed Rowlatt Act in his sickbed, was too weak to mount a protest, but his loyalty to the Empire, which he had long viewed as the guarantor of Indian liberties, suffered a major blow. 2)Gandhi learned through the Sedition Committee Report that the government of India was going to introduce legislation to curb civil liberties. All of the Indian soldiers lost their lives in vain because the British Empire had absolutely no plans to give India its freedom. 3)Heartbroken, India grew more and more restless. When General Dryer heartlessly slaughtered 379 people at Jallianwala Bagh, the country could take no more. Awhile later, Gandhi launched a nation-wide struggle. And finally, on August 15th, 1947, India finally won its independence. 1)Charlie Andrews confirms, Personally I have never been able to reconcile this with his own conduct in other respects, and it is one of the points where I have found myself in painful disagreement.[46] Gandhis private secretary also had acknowledged that The question of the consistency between his creed of Ahimsa` (non-violence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since. 2)They wondered, could the apostle of peace ask them to take up arms in defense of the Raj? About 1.3 million Indian soldiers fought in the war. 47, 746 soldiers died and 65, 126 were wounded from the Indian army. This doesn’t seem like something Gandhi would want, right? Many people wonder why Gandhi wanted Indians to fight, since he always strictly adhered to non-violence. His support for India’s involvement in World War One causes us to question his consistency and perhaps even his belief in ahimsa. 3)He did, however, stipulate in a letter to the Viceroys private secretary that he personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe

The Confederate States of America :: American America History

The Confederate States of America A culture is the beliefs and interests of a particular group of people. About 150 years ago, a proud and noble culture was created in the Southern portion of the United States. It was created by Southerners from all walks of life, ranging from the gentry to the "good ol' boys." They loved their culture so much that they created a country. It was a country of blue skies, green hills, beautiful meadows and forests, and old-fashioned Southern hospitality. There were large plantations that grew some of the finest crops in the world. Though this country seemed Utopian, its creation soon instituted the bloodiest war in American history, the War For Southern Independence. The beautiful countryside suddenly became a battlefield. The blue skies turned gray with the smoke of rifles and cannons. The blood of Rebels and Yankees stained the grass as the meadows and forests became overwhelmed with the foul stench of death. Johnny Reb fought hard for what he believed in and what he thought to be ri ght. Though the "boys in gray" lost the greatest battle of their lives, they and their ancestors still hold a special place in their hearts for this short-lived nation. This nation was independent for roughly four years, but the legacy of the Confederate States of America will not be forgotten. As far as the Constitution of the Confederate States goes, it was not all that different from that of the United States. One difference is that it enables the president to serve a six-year term, as opposed to a four-year term in the United States. Also, the Confederate Congress is prohibited from placing a protective tariff on imported items and goods. The last major difference is that the Constitution grants more reserved powers to state government. In the United States Constitution, state governments had less of these powers. This was the major cause of the War, because Southern states felt that each state should have more reserved powers. Just as the United States government, the Confederate government was divided into three major branches: legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch was known as the Confederate Congress. The components of the Confederate Congress were a Senate and a House of Representatives. District courts were the primary components of the judicial branch. A supreme court was never established, because of continuing controversy over the matter. The Confederate States of America :: American America History The Confederate States of America A culture is the beliefs and interests of a particular group of people. About 150 years ago, a proud and noble culture was created in the Southern portion of the United States. It was created by Southerners from all walks of life, ranging from the gentry to the "good ol' boys." They loved their culture so much that they created a country. It was a country of blue skies, green hills, beautiful meadows and forests, and old-fashioned Southern hospitality. There were large plantations that grew some of the finest crops in the world. Though this country seemed Utopian, its creation soon instituted the bloodiest war in American history, the War For Southern Independence. The beautiful countryside suddenly became a battlefield. The blue skies turned gray with the smoke of rifles and cannons. The blood of Rebels and Yankees stained the grass as the meadows and forests became overwhelmed with the foul stench of death. Johnny Reb fought hard for what he believed in and what he thought to be ri ght. Though the "boys in gray" lost the greatest battle of their lives, they and their ancestors still hold a special place in their hearts for this short-lived nation. This nation was independent for roughly four years, but the legacy of the Confederate States of America will not be forgotten. As far as the Constitution of the Confederate States goes, it was not all that different from that of the United States. One difference is that it enables the president to serve a six-year term, as opposed to a four-year term in the United States. Also, the Confederate Congress is prohibited from placing a protective tariff on imported items and goods. The last major difference is that the Constitution grants more reserved powers to state government. In the United States Constitution, state governments had less of these powers. This was the major cause of the War, because Southern states felt that each state should have more reserved powers. Just as the United States government, the Confederate government was divided into three major branches: legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch was known as the Confederate Congress. The components of the Confederate Congress were a Senate and a House of Representatives. District courts were the primary components of the judicial branch. A supreme court was never established, because of continuing controversy over the matter.

In Focus: Faye Glenn Abdellah’s Patient

For years, the existence and acceptance of nursing theories in different settings and aspects of nursing practice has transformed the profession in diverse ways both here and abroad. The utilization of such theories has provided the nursing community with specific knowledge and ways to enhance and develop skills and attitudes of nursing professionals in the practice of the profession. It has greatly helped in creating and sustaining our professional independence from the field of medicine by guiding our educational system, research methods and practice towards safe and quality care to patients (Marriner-Tomey, 1994; McLemore & Hill, 1965).The significance of studying nursing theories does not end with the benefits it may serve the profession in general. It also helps an individual, either a student or a nursing professional in several ways. An individual is able to develop critical thinking skills, able to differentiate values and hypotheses and able to find out purpose of functions in relation to the scope of practice of the nursing profession (Kozier, Erb, & Oliviere, 1995).In line with this, this paper attempts to analyze and evaluate a relevant nursing conceptual model authored by a renowned nurse theorist— Faye Glenn Abdellah, using the J. Fawcett’s Framework of Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing.Influenced by Virginia Henderson’s 14 principles of nursing, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Erik Erickson stages of development, Abdellah formulated her structural model with the goal of teaching and evaluating students and at the same time emphasize the need to create a body of knowledge exclusive to our profession that will help in gaining independence from the control of the medical profession  toward  patient-centered  care (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Faye Glenn Abdellah authored the typology of 21 nursing problems which was initially published in the 1960 edition of Pat ient-Centered Approaches to Nursing. Since its initial appearance, the typology had major impact on the nursing profession as well as on the development of other nursing theories (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems is a conceptual model which describes the significant concerns of nursing instead of linking different relationships into phenomena. The conceptual model is mainly concerned with patient’s needs and the role of nurses in problem identification using a problem-solving approach. Abdellah’s work is classified under the nursing philosophy category in the sense that her work is based on analysis, rationalization, research and logical argument instead of using experiential methods.Logically speaking, Abdellah’s model can be described as inductive since she derived observations from previous studies which became the basis for her conceptualization. Philosophical statements are said to be based on opinions, arguments or propositions of different people. These statements are not experimental in nature because such statements based on goal, traditions and/or values cannot be tested for its correctness or wrongness (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).In  analyzing  and  evaluating  Abdellah’s  theory, her  work  cannot  be  separated  from  thehistorical  background  where  the  conceptualization  of  the  21  nursing  problems  started.  It  wasin  the  1950s  when  the  nursing  profession  faced  a  lot  of  difficulties  arising  from  the  rapid   societal change and increasing demand for technological advancement. The methods and system used at that time  did not support and meet the demands of the rapid change thus creating a backlog in the nursing community. There was a lack of definition of nursing— its focus, scope and limitations especially that healthcare delivery to patie nts is mainly based on achieving institutional goals rather than meeting patient’s needs. The present system did not assist both the students and professionals in being attuned with the changes. Abdellah related this to the lack of scientific body of knowledge unique to the profession. That is why the formulation of the theory differentiated the practice of nursing from the practice of medicine emphasizing focus on 21 nursing problems that help patient in achieving state of wellness (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Abdellah used the problem-solving approach in formulating the theory. She believes that a nurse should be able to identify and solve problems of patients in order to provide safe and quality care to patients. This identification of nursing problems, selection of data necessary to formulating and testing of interventions in assisting patient towards state of wellness closely resembles the nursing process. Abdellah pointed out that patients cannot receive quality care if the s teps are done improperly. In my opinion, Abdellah’s approach is effective in the sense that the approach guarantees positive client response if the steps are specifically and carefully executed. This approach also improves a nursing professional skills and attitude by enhancing problem-solving abilities through identification of nursing problems in meeting the needs of the patient (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Abdellah’s model includes four (4) fundamental concepts essential to nursing— person, environment, health and nursing. The first major concept is the person. The concept of person is described as people having physical, physiological and sociological needs. In her conceptual model, the person or patient is the main reason for the existence of nursing. However, this is quite contradicting since the typology of 21 nursing problems lacks holism. The model entails that a person returns to an improved state only by resolving each problem identified by a nursing profes sional. It lacks holism in the sense that the patient or person which, is considered as a whole is not greater than the sum of it parts represented by his problems (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Another major concept included in her theory is the concept of environment. This concept is the least conferred and least emphasized in her theory. This is mentioned limitedly in problem number 17. The model explains that the patient more often than not interrelate and act in response to the environment. It also explains that the nurse is also a part of the patient’s environment thus the nurse takes responsibility in making the environment conducive for restoration of health. Abdellah also states that environment is also the home and community from where the patient comes from that is why Abdellah emphasized the need to broaden our scope in identifying problems and not limit our scope in the hospital setting (Potter & Perry, 1993).The third concept is health. Abdellah discussed health as a st ate without illness. It is defined as a state without unmet needs and no anticipated or actual impairment. This is clearly exemplified in the list of 21 nursing problems. Abdellah also advocates holistic approach to patient-centered care and furthering the relevance of environmental factors in the concept of health (Potter & Perry, 1993).The last major concept is nursing. The concept of nursing is an essential element of her writing. In her model, nursing is defined as provision of service to individuals and families; therefore to society. It is mainly providing service to or for the patient or providing information that will significantly assist the patient in restoring health and alleviating impairment. Abdellah therefore viewed nursing as a helping profession (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998)..Although Abdellah’s work provided a comprehensive meaning of the four major concepts, there are no statements in Abdellah’s writing that states an y direct relationships among the four concepts. Each concept was only defined implicitly and no relational statements can be made out of it. The model is mainly concerned on development of a unique body of knowledge, which is nursing, through which identification of nursing problems and utilization of the problem-solving approach assists patients in meeting their needs. The model is said to have limited concepts and is only presented in a structural list. After Abdellah’s work has been published, her formulation of the 21 nursing problems has been a helpful tool in the areas of nursing practice, nursing research and nursing education (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).In our nursing practice, Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems has helped nursing professionals in dealing with patient care in an orderly and well-structured manner. In using this typology, a nursing professional, with the problem-solving approach, is able to identify pat ient’s problems, plan for his care and implement nursing interventions for the identified problem in a scientific manner. This problem-solving method has transformed our practice as we attempt to focus our attention to the client himself rather than focus on client’s medical condition which is more of the objective of the medical profession. Nursing professionals have also learned and understood the rationale behind each and every action we deliver to the client (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Abdellah’s work has also provided significant changes in the area of nursing research as well since her work is basically based on research too. Many theories have been developed since the introduction of Abdellah’s work. The present nursing diagnosis classification system is presumed to be an outgrowth of this typology. This nursing philosophy continues to be a preferred basis of nursing studies at present (Sigma Theta Tau Internation al Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Nursing education also benefited from Abdellah’s work. As previously explained, there was a lack of scientific body unique to our profession that hindered our independence from the medical profession. Abdellah’s work presented such unique body and gave the nursing profession a chance to come out of the control of the medical model. Gaining professional autonomy has helped the nursing community project a professional identity that has been widely accepted all over the world   (Potter & Perry, 1993).Abdellah’s nursing philosophy brings about nursing activities that meet not only client’s needs but of the society as well in the long run if each goal is carefully achieved through the problem-solving approach making this nursing philosophy socially significant. Abdellah’s work is socially significant because the 21 nursing problems elicit relevant nursing actions that lead to the improvement and restoration of client ’s health status which in turn aids the client in resuming activities of daily living increasing his productivity level thus benefiting the society   (Potter & Perry, 1993).In conclusion, Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems remedied the predicaments faced by the profession in earlier times. It has helped teach and evaluate student’s competency through its formulation. It provided a means of gaining autonomy from the practice of medicine through the creation of a scientific body of knowledge unique to nursing.Abdellah’s work is very straightforward and uncomplicated. It explicitly described the major concepts essential to nursing such as nursing itself, nursing problems and the problem-solving approach through which the problems can be intervened. The concepts of health, person and environment which are now included in the scope of nursing are also implied.The goals of this model vary but all are directed to affect nursing. The extensive goal of t his model is to generally elicit positive transformation in nursing education while its subgoals would include providing a scientific basis for practice and a tool in evaluating student’s capacity and competency (McLemore & Hill, 1965).To date, Abellah did not only meet the goal of her work. Her work has also affected different aspects of nursing— nursing practice, nursing research and nursing education in general. As emphasized in this paper, Abdellah’s overall contribution to the body of nursing is the acquisition of professional autonomy and professional identity through the creation of the 21 nursing problems. Her problem-solving approach increases our assessment and critical-thinking skills needed in identifying client’s concerns to properly plan, select and implement our healthcare. It also enhances and promotes nurse-patient interaction as we make patients the central focus of care instead of focusing on the disease process (Parascandola, 1994).Nur sing has been practiced as profession for more than a century. The profession was based merely on rules, concepts and experiences passed on by professionals to students. It was only in the advent of serious discussion and testing of theories that nursing has been established as a science. Through Abdellah’s work and the development of other relevant nursing theories, we have proven that our profession can stand by itself and achieve our goals towards patient-centered care (Parascandola, 1994).ReferencesKozier, B., Erb, G., & Oliviere R. (1995). Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (5th edn). Redwood City, Ca: Addison-Wesley.Marriner-Tomey, S. (1994). Nursing theorists and their work (3rd edn). St. Louis Mosby.Parascandola, J. (1994).   In Leadership in public health, women in the public health service.   Retrieved January 26, 2007 from http://www.uic.edu/sph/chs/php/PUBLICATIONS/WOMEN%20IN%20THE%20PUBLIC%20HEALTH%20SERPotter, P. and Perry, S. (1993). Fu ndamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (3rd edn.) St. Louis: C.V. MosbyMcLemore, D. & Hill, R. (1965). Role change and socialization in nursing.The Pacific Sociological Review, 8(1).Mullins, N. (1986). Mosby’s Medical and Nursing Dictionary (2nd edn). St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company.Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing. (1998). Interview with Faye G. Abdellah on nursing research and health policy. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30(3),215-219.

Exercise during pregnancy Essay

Pregnancy brings along a number of physiological, emotional and psychological changes for expectant mothers. Researchers, though they usually disagree on the intensity and type of physical activity or exercise that pregnant women should be involved in, agree that some form of exercise is useful for pregnant women. Poudevigne and O’Connor (2006) discuss several research which highlight the psychological problems that some pregnant women face and the challenges in dealing with them (4). Smith and Michel (2006) sought to determine the effect an aquatic exercise program would have on the pregnant mother. The researchers wanted to find out if participant’s would be more willing to participate in health-promoting activities and if there would be any improvement to physical discomfort and mobility problems (5) as a result of the aquatic exercise program. Forty non-exercising pregnant women who were at least 19 weeks pregnant were recruited. Participants opted to be in either the experimental or control group with each having 20 members. Over a six-week period the 20 members of the experimental group were involved in three weekly 60 minute sessions of aquatic exercise. The members of the control group were instructed to continue their usual non-exercising routine (5). The researchers did pre-and post-test comparisons as well as comparisons between the results of both control and experimental group. The results from these comparisons supported the researchers’ hypotheses that exposure to the exercise program would have a positive impact on participants’ involvement in other health-promoting activities. Similarly it was found that those involved in the exercise program experienced less physical discomfort and demonstrated improvements in their mobility and perceptions of their body image (5). I believe the findings reported by Poudevigne and O’Connor (2006) are quite useful for pregnant mothers who want to exercise but are worried about the type of exercises to perform. It appears that the aquatic exercises would be a welcome alternative to women than regular gym-type and strenuous exercises. It would be good if future research compared the effectiveness of these two types of exercises. Some researchers are not convinced that exercise alone can accomplish physical improvements for mothers, particularly during the advanced pregnancy stage. Depledge, McNair, Keal-Smith and Williams (2005) hypothesized that exercise with other supports could improve physical conditions. The research objective was to see if the conditions of pregnant women with symphysis pubis dysfunction, or pelvic joint pain, would improve with exercise and interventions such as advice and pelvic support belts. The researchers felt this study was essential given the increase in the number of pregnant women experiencing this condition. Methods that would diminish pelvic discomfort in pregnant women would therefore be quite useful in improving how well this condition is dealt with both by clinicians and the expectant mothers themselves (1). The participants in the research were randomly assigned to one of three groups. There was an exercise only group along with advice, a group that combined exercise with wearing a non-rigid support belt and the third group combined exercise with a rigid support belt. Participants were divided into each group relatively evenly – 30, 28 and 29 respectively. The intervention program lasted for a week and pre- and post- test analysis of level of discomfort and intensity of pelvic pain were recorded (1). The results of the research revealed that all three groups reported some amount of improvement in their pelvic pain over the period. However the variation between groups was not very significant (1). I found the results of this research to be particularly interesting since it suggests that the use of support belts does not result in any additional improvements over exercise. This demonstrates the extent to which exercise can improve the conditions of pregnant women, even those with considerable levels of pelvic pain due to symphsis pubis dysfunction. Often some mothers desiring to participate in exercise are confused by physician’s reports which suggest that exercise is unsafe for the expectant mothers because of the risk of maternal hypothermia (2) and an untimely or late delivery (3). In fact Poudevigne and O’Connor (2006) did a comprehensive review of research on the subject and discovered that a significant number of women, who were physically active before their pregnancy, demonstrated a decrease in these activities throughout their pregnancy (4). Larsson & Lindqvist (2005) tested the merits of this position in a study of 37 pregnant women participating in low-impact exercises (2). They discovered little risk to the pregnant women who revealed comparable core temperature, heart rate and oxygen saturation as compared to a control of 11. This suggests therefore, that the participants and, by extension, pregnant mothers at whatever stage of pregnancy, are at little risk of maternal hypothermia doing low-impact exercises (2). Similarly Leiferman and Evenson (2003) report in their study of close to 10, 000 mothers, that there was little or no risk that mothers would deliver their babies either pre- or post- term as the skeptics of exercise during pregnancy usually suggest (3). This information I find relieving for mothers who are concerned about the welfare of the fetus during exercise. Since there is little risk with low-impact exercises pregnant mothers should no longer have significant objections to exercise. Evidently research supports the view that exercise during pregnancy is harmful neither to the mother nor the unborn fetus. Exercise seems to be beneficial in relieving some of the discomforts faced by expecting mothers both of the physical and psychological nature. While there is no suggestion that exercise offers much further benefits over other interventions or a sedentary lifestyle, it has not been shown to be harmful.

Write a magazine article Essays

Write a magazine article Essays Write a magazine article Essay Write a magazine article Essay With lower budgets, very basic special effects and black and white picture, Alfred Hitchcocks psycho still manages to grind out the suspense to compete with todays blockbuster hits. With some of the most memorable scenes in cinema history, it makes you wonder, will this unique psychological thriller ever die out? The film cost one million dollars to make, and amazingly made over fifteen times that value within just one year of its release and with one million pounds being so much back in 1960, Psycho was an outstanding hit and an incredible achievement for British director Alfred Hitchcock. There is no doubt that Hitchcocks directory used the such basic equipment and limited special effects to their full tension creating potential. Even today when we have the choice of many up to date pragmatic movies to choose from at the local film rental shop, Psycho still remains a popular choice on the shelf. It is also a favourite for media courses as it is packed with clever directory techniqu es, twists and memorable scenes to comment on. Psycho is a prime example that a classic never dies. Psychos uniqueness and popularity is mostly down to the number of genres it represents. This creates a vast target market of viewers to enjoy this visual masterpiece. The film opens with a sexual frisson where a couple appear to have secretly just had some kind of sexual action in the middle of the day. This was a first back in 1960 as the censorship rules far stricter on nudity. The main character Marion then is seen stealing $40,000 from her work place, from here on the whole sexual frisson comes to an end and a cops and robbers crime scene kicks off. It just so happens that the motel Marion chooses to stay at just happens to be owned by a psychopathic killer and therefore the horror movie genre over takes the cops and robbers genre. The murders that motel owner Norman Bates commits are found out In the style of a detective movie and has the classic Scooby Doo ending to it where the murderer happens to be the owner of the place. It is therefore difficult to put Psycho into one genr e but what you can say is, it has something for everyone in it which I believe is one of the secrets of its success. Successful films must always contain some key features and Psycho manages to contain them all. The plot of the story makes it gripping throughout. The plot is packed with twists, turns and excitement with the odd shock and surprise whilst there are always some red herrings in the story to mislead you. Hitchcock makes us assume things such as Normans mother. We are led to believe that she is a real person yet we never actually see her, only her silhouette in the window, until the end of course where there is that horrific image of her decaying body in the wheelchair. You will undoubtedly notice some interesting characters in the film as well to add a bit of interest to the story. Most noticeably and most memorably is Norman Bates who is a little different to your average person, mostly because he dresses up as his dead mother and brutally murders people, but his personality makes him appear to be anything but a psychopathic killer. As Marion first parks up at the motel and Norman appears from the gothic house on top of the hill, he seems just the type of guy you would want to meet yet ironically he is actually the opposite of this. Since the death of his mother who he actually murdered himself, he has two sides to him; the Norman side which is simply himself who is a generally nice guy and his dreaded mother side; where he is an uncontrollable threat. Whenever something that would have potentially upset his mother is said, the mother side of him takes over and Norman appears to be a completely different character such as when Marion makes the com ment about it being possibly easier for him if he sends his mother to a home and he becomes almost possessed by his mother side. Hitchcock signals this by a change in music and a close up of Normans forbidding eyes. Yet when he is out of mother mode he is helpful to Marion and despite being rather shy he likes to talk at every opportunity and talks honestly like about how little visitors he gets at his motel and as an audience we have sympathy for him because he seems to be a bit of a loser as they say. He does however appear quite intelligent with his use of metaphors about life such as his explanation of us all being in our own trap. As for the other main character Marion, she was the 1960s equivalent to a model, although this opinion has died down a bit, as her appearance is a bit unfashionable to todays standards. Comparing to todays standards, the special effects may not be as visually realistic but what makes it still compete in tension is the realism of the storyline and that this could happen to you. Today, the story lines from films often contain things like aliens invading the planet so us humans get rid of them by shooting them with laser beams, and admittedly the special effects make this look realistic but you never walk away feeling effected by it as things like this simply do not happen. However, Norman Bates was based on a true character and everything that happens in psycho, happens in real life, from murder to affairs. In fact, I remember going to a Hitchcock theatre on holiday and watching the shower scene from Psycho and secretly the reason I didnt have a shower in the hotel for two weeks was if Im being honest, because I was scared and not because I wanted a bath. This is why psycho lives long in the memory of those who dare to watch it. Hitchcock uses incredibly clever directory techniques to absorb the audience into another world. He uses symbolism and irony that the audience unconsciously take in such as the birds of prey in Normans office. Norman claims his mother is as harmless as one of those stuffed birds and as we discover, she has in fact been preserved by Norman using his stuffing experience and these birds in their time were not the kind of birds youd keep as pets. The memorable scenes which are some of the most famous in cinema history are just what makes it the difference between a good film and a great film, this is mostly down to the way Hitchcock directs the scene using music which can either create tension or shock such as the high screeching music and the clever camera angles which shock the audience in the shower scene. Obviously the quality of todays special effects have changed cinema for the better today but the illusions Hitchcock wanted to make back in 1960, could hardly be made much better even with todays technology. He was left with the bare bones of special effects and the basics of lighting and camera angles. In the shower scene again for an example, you never see the knife enter the body as the camera angle cuts just before and you are left to picture yourself what happens next with the help of the sound effect of a knife stabbing a melon. The music is a key part of what creates suspense and a general feeling of the current event. Near the beginning of the film when Marion is suspicious about the following policeman, the music creates the feeling of a chase taking place and the music when Norman changes character to his mother side, the music creates tension. The most famous scene of the film if not, any film is the shower scene. There is a long period of there being no dialogue in which we see Norman remove a picture off his office wall and peek through a hole at Marion who is getting undressed as she prepares to have a shower. This is the first signal visible to the audience that Norman may be some kind of threat to Marion and you question what he is about to do. He then disappears up to the house on top of the hill. Meanwhile we see a close up of Marions face as she turns on the shower. I always wondered myself whether the water would be unbearably cold if you turn it on without any time for it to heat up, but thats irrelevant. Before now, we are hinted that Marion has changed her mind after speaking to Norman and she is in fact going to go back and give back the money she stole. The camera angle cuts so we can see the water washing down from the above showerhead. Perhaps this is symbolising the water washing away Marions sins and show ing her starting again. The scene is rather calm until we see a shadow cast on the shower curtain and the camera takes its concentration off Marion and onto this shadow. Whilst the audience questions who or even what it is, the curtain is torn across and we see the dark figure of Norman Bates dressed as his mother with a knife raised above his head. Simultaneously the music creates a fast high pitch screech whilst Marion screams for help. Norman repeatedly slashes Marion and the camera angle quickly flashes between the dark shadowy figure of Norman and the bright image of Marion. She is cornered in a shower with nobody within saving distance of her, which adds to the tension. As Norman stabs her, the camera cuts to another part of her body, partly to let us imagine ourselves what would happen next but also to do with the censorship rules not allowing it and probably the special effects not being able to create such an illusion. The stabbing of the Melon creates a gruesome and I assume a realistic sound. After many slashes, Norman casually walks away whilst Marion grabs onto the shower curtain in a desperate last gasp attempt to save herself but her sheer weight is too much for the hooks to take and she falls back down. The camera then concentrates on all the blood going down the plughole to give a ghastly ending to the attack. The camera then cuts so it is focused right on Marions eye which despite her being dead, sti ll looks in shock, then the camera slowly spirals away from her to show the lasting image of her dead body on the floor. The shocking thing about it is the unexpectation of it. Norman seemed to like Marion and showed no signs and had no reason to harm her, but as we find out, it is the mother side of him which drove him to commit this murder. His mother would not have been happy with him having another woman other than her in his life so through sheer jealousy; the mother side of him forced him to murder her. I personally follow the opinion of most others in that psycho is a classic film and really do give credit to Alfred Hitchcock for using the bare basics of cinematic tools to create one of the greatest ever films. My opinion suggests that Hitchcocks directing was the difference between this version of Psycho and the newer version that was made and was what made it a success.

American Reaction to the French Revolution

American Reaction to the French Revolution The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille on July 14th. From 1790 to 1794, the revolutionaries grew  increasingly radical. Americans were at first enthusiastic in support of the revolution. However, over time divisions of opinion became apparent between federalists and anti-federalists. Divide Between Federalists and Anti-Federalists The anti-federalists in America  led by figures such as Thomas Jefferson were in favor of supporting the revolutionaries in France. They thought the French were imitating the American colonists in their desire for freedom. There was a hope that the French  would win a greater degree of autonomy that resulted in the new Constitution and its strong federal government in the United States. Many anti-federalists rejoiced in every revolutionary victory as news of it reached America. Fashions changed to reflect republican dress in France. The Federalists were not sympathetic to the French Revolution, led by figures such as Alexander Hamilton.  The Hamiltonians  feared mob rule. They were  afraid of egalitarian ideas causing further upheaval at home. European Reaction In Europe, rulers were not necessarily that bothered by what was happening in France at first. However, as the gospel of democracy spread, Austria grew afraid. By 1792, France had declared war on Austria wanting to ensure that it would not try to invade. In addition, revolutionaries wanted to spread their own beliefs to other European countries. As France began to win victories beginning with the Battle of Valmy in September, England and Spain got concerned. Then on January 21, 1793, King Louis XVI was executed. France became emboldened and declared war on England. Thus American could no longer sit back but if they wanted to continue to trade with England and/or France. It had to claim sides or remain neutral. President George Washington chose the course of neutrality, but this would be a difficult tightrope for America to walk. Citizen  Genà ªt In 1792, the French appointed  Edmond-Charles Genà ªt, also known as Citizen  Genà ªt, as the Minister to the United States. There was some question on whether he should be formally received by the US  government. Jefferson felt that  America should support the Revolution which would mean publicly acknowledging  Genà ªt as the legitimate minister to France. Hamilton was against receiving him. Despite Washingtons ties to Hamilton and the Federalists, he decided to receive him. Washington eventually ordered that  Genà ªt be censured and later recalled by France when it was discovered that he had been commissioning privateers to fight for France in its war against Great Britain. Washington had to deal with their previously agreed upon Treaty of Alliance with France that had been signed during the American Revolution. Because of its own claims for neutrality, America could not close its ports to France without appearing to side with Britain. Therefore, even though France was taking advantage of the situation by using American ports to help fight its war against Britain, America was in a difficult place. The Supreme Court eventually helped provide a partial solution by preventing the French from arming privateers in American ports. After this proclamation, it was found that Citizen  Genà ªt had a French-sponsored warship armed and sail from Philadelphia. Washington demanded that he be recalled to France. However, this and other issues with the French fighting the British under the American flag led to increased issues and confrontations with the British. Washington sent John Jay to find a diplomatic solution to the issues with Great Britain. However, the resulting Jays Treaty was quite weak and widely derided. It required the British to abandon forts they still occupied on Americas western frontier. It also created a trading agreement between the two nations. However, it had to give up the idea of freedom of the seas. It also did nothing to stop impressment where the British could force American citizens on captured sailing vessels into service on their own ships. Aftermath In the end, the French Revolution brought the issues of neutrality and how America would deal with belligerent European countries. It also brought unresolved issues with Great Britain to the forefront. Finally, it showed a great divide in the way that federalists and anti-federalists felt about France and Great Britain.

Phase 1 - Concepts and terminology of statistics applied to business Essay - 2

Phase 1 - Concepts and terminology of statistics applied to business decision-making 4-20 - Essay Example Mean-  the arithmetic mean (mean) of a list of numbers is the sum of all the members of the list divided by the number of items in the list. A  classic example of Arithmetic mean is average income. The arithmetic mean may be misinterpreted to imply that most peoples income is higher than the case in fact is.† In statistics, mean has two related meanings: MEDIAN-  The median is the number which is in the exact  middle of the data set. Literally, it is the value in the middle. â€Å"The statistical median is the middle number of a group of numbers that have been arranged in order by size. If there is an even number of terms, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers: If there is an even number of terms, add the two middle terms and divide by 2.†Ã‚   (Statistical Median). Mode means the number that appears the most often, if working with only one variable. In statistics, mode means the most frequent value assumed by a random variable, or occurring in a sampling of a random variable. The term is applied both to probability distributions and to collections of  experimental data. Range  - It means the difference between the highest and the lowest value. The range is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data. It is calculated by subtracting the smallest observations from the greatest and provides an indication of  statistical dispersion. The mid range point is the half way between two variables. .Variance -   In probability and statistics , the variance of a   random variable, is a probability distribution , a measure of its statistical dispersion , indicating how its possible values are spread around the expected value . Where the expected value shows the location of the distribution, the variance indicates the scale of the values. A more understandable measure is the square root of the variance, called the Standard deviation... For a population, range is more than twice the standard deviation. Variance

Cash Flow Management in the Lawrence Simulation Essay

Cash Flow Management in the Lawrence Simulation - Essay Example It is in this situation that crisis has struck. Mayo has defaulted on payments for the weeks of 17 through 30 March. Further news is that Mayo will not be paying anything until the week of 14 April. Lawrence must negotiate with Mayo, Gartner, and Murray in order to speed up payments from Mayo and possibly further defer payments to Gartner and Murray. Borrowing from the bank is to be managed to minimize the outstanding balance and subsequent interest expense. Analysis: Lawrence faces two problems, a short-term cash-flow problem, and a larger and more significant strategic problem involving an unhealthy dependence on a single customer and lack of diversity amongst suppliers. We are tasked with the short-term cash flow problem at hand. If Mayo is allowed to proceed with delays of payment until the week of 14 April, the company will suffer a cash-flow deficit of up to $ 411,000 in excess of the $1.2 million line of credit for the period of 31 March through 13 April. Based on the existing payment schedule, there are no savings in interest expense to be gained by forcing Murray to accept delays in payments. If Lawrence chooses not to attempt a negotiation with Gardner for additional time to meet outstanding payments, the interest expense on borrowing will be $3,821 more than if Lawrence attempts to push Gartner to accept further delays in payment, regardless of the terms offered. Is the relationship with Gartner worth $3,821? How much would Lawrence spend to develop a new supplier?

Construction, operation and associated circuitry of common Assignment

Construction, operation and associated circuitry of common - Assignment Example Even so, this should not be applied in the spaces such as courtroom and conference hall, which find instantaneous controls to be important. The dimming characteritisc could be achieved through the fixing with fluorescent and incandescent as well as with HID. One of the forms of lighting is alcove lighting. It is ordinary in that it is indirect. This finds a lot of application in the fluorescent lighting, neon lighting or even rope. This can also be described as a form of backlighting. There are other approaches that could be utilized to compelement this form of lighting. For example, close-to-wall lighting, or soffit, could be utilized to bring out an appealing texture, although this has its limitations. More often than not, the effect is dependent upon the specification of the light that has been used. Recessed lighting is the widely applied feature and has fixtures that are attached to the ceiling to look appealing. The forms of lighting can utilize the narrow spotlight beams and c ould even be made with reflectors. There are also the cases when the downlights comprising internal reflector could be designed to accommodate the A-lamps. Furthermore, the downlights could be LED, fluorescent, high density discharge or indecadent (Theraj, 2001). Another form of lighting is track lighting. This form of lighting earned popularity because it was easy to install, compared to the recessed form of lighting. Its fixtures are now also made decorative and can also be attached to the walls. The current popularity of these forms of lighting rests upon its ability to use low voltage, yet they assure safety in addition to the fact that they are decorative. Their circuits are fed by master transformers through the fixtures on the rod, as opposed to the approach where even light is fed by a set of transformers.The third form of lighting is cable lighting, which is simply a modified form of track lighting. Here, the lights hang from clipped cables that rest on tension. Nevertheles s, illuminated ceiling is also another form of lighting that was popular in the 1970s. This form of lighting relied on the panels of diffusers that were suspended below the fluorescent lights. It finds a lot of application in all the general forms of lighting. Lastly, neon lighting could also be considered as a form of lighting, which mainly served an artistic function. Cul-de-sac Street lighting. Here, one of the requirement is that the luminaries should be designed so that they are in compliance with the local zoning laws. The IES Lighting Handbook offes comprehensive insights regarding the values that should be accorded to the exterior spaces. If the building program makes specifications of a flood lighting, they should be provided while the exterior lighting should be such that it blends with the external features of the buildings. Roadway and Parking Lighting. The roadway and parking lighting should be integrated with HD sources of light but should not go beyond the recommded v alues of 4 to 10 and 10 to 1 ratios. The parking areas should have luminaries that are not only efficient but also mounted on the poles. Sodium lamps may be preferable, but their impact should blend well with the environment. TASK 2 The Principles of Good Lighting Design There are various principles that have been developed regarding efficient lighting and lighting systems. The widely adopted

Causes of Different Country Rates of Development

Causes of Different Country Rates of Development Kaitlyn Kanaly Guns, Germs, and Steel Summary In Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond is trying to answer his friend, Yali’s, question. Yali asked Diamond in New Guinea, â€Å"Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo, but we black people had little cargo of our own?† (Diamond, 1998, p. 14). Yali was referring to all of the different advantages certain societies had that resulted in prosperous populations, while others failed. Diamond centers Guns, Germs, and Steel around answering Yali’s question. Throughout the semester, we were set out to define the â€Å"big idea† of each chapter individually. The first half of this book’s â€Å"big idea† is to show how food production, domesticating plants and animals, and most importantly, how geography itself are the main factors that determined which societies became more powerful than another. Diamond supports his thesis through evidence that he reveals in each chapter. Diamond’s search for an answer to Yali’s question started off by looking at the biology of when and how the first humans evolved. Then, he concentrated on more specific societies to further support his research. During his research, Diamond still could not explain why Eurasia became the most advanced continent even though Africa had a head start. What Diamond came to find out, however, is that a society is not successful because of the color of one’s skin or how intelligent one may or may not be, but it is the geography that allows a society to either flourish or diminish. To further defend his geographic explanation, Diamond suggests that the events that took place on the Chatham Islands was, in fact, due to a geographic stand point of the Maori and Moriori people. The technologically advanced Maori society successfully conquered the considerably weaker Moriori society. Further justifying this explanation, he points out that race could not have been a factor between these two groups because the two cultures had come from the same origin and were just separated within an unmindful time frame. Diamond also looked at factors, other than genetics, that determined the differences between the two societies. He then concluded that the Moriori were unable to provide an abundance of food due to the cold climate. The lack of food put the Moriori at a disadvantage because their society was significantly weaker than the Maori’s. Aside from the production of food, the Maori people were advanced in other areas that were not possible for the Moriori because o f their geographic location. Because the Moriori were isolated on an island, they did not have the means for communication with other people, and technological ideas were unable to spread to their society. Thus, only the Maori people were rich in food production, technology, and communication because of their geographic location. Geography also has had a major effect in which parts of the world developed food production over others. Areas such as deserts or high mountains are simply not suited for agriculture, while others may support some crops, but not others. Another factor is that there are only a limited number of plants suitable for domestication. According to Diamond, being able to successfully produce food was the start for societies to also develop of guns, germs, and steel. There are a few components that influenced the adoption of food production: the decline in wild foods, an increase in plants, the development of technology, and change in population density. With less wild food available, people did not have much of a choice but to grow their own. Technology also allowed food to be produced at a quicker pace. Acquiring an abundance of food meant that societies could reach a higher population density that would, in turn, lead to many more advantages. People were able to settle in one place because of farming, which allowed more complex and advanced food production. These more densely populated societies were able to create technology, invent writing, and became immune to epidemic diseases. All three of these remarkable factors is what Diamond found to be the reasons why one society was able to conquer another. Still, there were additional factors that Diamond set out to examine. Animals also played a key role in certain parts of the world developing quicker than others: the distribution of animals around the world was also a result of geography. Eurasia was home to the most domesticated mammals, which put the people there at an advantage. These domesticated animals not only helped as an additional food source, but also provided many other services for societies. Farming was completed much easier and at a quicker pace because animals were able to pull plows and also serve as fertilizer. Animal fur was used to keep warm, and the bones were converted into various handy tools. Diamond also analyzed the way plants, food, and ideas were able to spread from continent to continent. Food production spreads most easily if one is moving east to west, because plants and animals didn’t have to adapt to a drastic change like you would going north and south, as the climate will be either the same or similar going east or west as opposed to north and south. For example, because Eurasia is spread further east and west, it was almost effortless to haul crops and animals from one location to another, which made Eurasia more successful and subsequently advanced than other parts of the world. In conclusion, there are many reasons why certain societies prospered compared to others; and it all boils down to the geography of the land. Diamond proves that beneficial aspects of geography allows societies to effortlessly grow food than others. On the other hand, there are also geographical explanations as to why food production failed in some parts of the world. Diamond confidently insists that it does not matter who is smarter than who, but rather, that the most prosperous society was blessed by the more dominant environment. In essence, those who lived in more fertile areas had a much greater chance of success. Reflection I strongly believe that Diamond does an amazing job at dissecting how and why certain continents prevailed over others. He manages to go into detail, but not too much detail that would confuse his readers. I like the fact that he keeps his findings slightly broad because it makes the story line easier to follow. The way he presents how geography plays such a major role in history is extremely powerful and intriguing. There are many critics, however, who do not agree with Diamond’s message that geography is the ultimate factor for advanced continents, rather than racial or intelligence reasons. For example, York and Mancus are more concerned with the social aspects that contributed to the rise of certain continents over others. As quoted from the Human Ecology Review: His position would be strengthened if he more fully recognized that different types of societies have different internal dynamics, and that each era has its own particular processes and contradictions (York Mancus, 2007, p. 160). I think that this is too critical of an opinion for Diamond’s work. I do not think that Diamond intended his book to be overly specific, but rather a more broad, overall explanation of how and why the world evolved the way it did. Another critic focuses on the chapter in Diamond’s book where latitude is discussed. James Blaut, a geography professor, suggests that Diamond supplies â€Å"hardly an explanation† of the development and westward spread of technology and food. According to The Geographical Review: His description fails to mention that diffusion eastward and southward from the Near East via the Indian Ocean, and southward from China through the South China Sea, was as important and as easy, as was diffusion west-ward (Blaut, 1999, p. 400). I agree with this critic that Diamond should have explored all options for the spread of technology and food before he had stated that east-west movement was the easiest way to do it successfully. However, I do not recall Diamond saying that east-west diffusion was the one and only way. Although there are critics that do not fully agree with everything that Diamond has found in his research in Guns, Germs, and Steel, I think that this book is exceptionally educational. The book has an outstanding story line that is easy to follow and is packed with intriguing information that truly gets you thinking. I can’t wait to finish the rest of the book to see what else Diamond has to say about the establishment of our world. Sources Blaut, J. M. (1999). ENVIRONMENTALISM AND EUROCENTRISM.Geographical Review,89(3), 391. Diamond, J. (1998).Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: W.W. Norton Company. York, R., Mancus, P. (2007). Human Ecology Review. Diamond in the Rough: Reflections on Guns, Germs, Steel, 14(2). http:/www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her142/yorkandmancus.pdf